European Journal of Applied Sciences

Structure and Diversity of Mobile Macro-invertebrate Assemblages Associated to Different Seaweeds

2024-02-16T09:59:46+00:00

The study aimed at comparing the structure of mobile macro-invertebrate assemblages associated with two different Cystoseira species and with algal turf. A total of 138 taxa were identified: 27 Polychaeta, 62 Arthropoda, 35 Mollusca, 4 Echinodermata, 6 Sipuncula, 4 Nemertea. Results showed that assemblages associated to Cystoseira had higher abundance, higher diversity and different structure if compared to those associated to algal turfs. In particular, Mollusca and Crustacea were more abundant in Cystoseira stands and Polychaeta were more abundant in the turf. Moreover, assemblages associated with the two Cystoseira species differed among them for the relative abundance of Mollusca and Crustacea.

Mapping Forestry Suitability Land and Landuse in the Highland, Usumacinta Watershed, Mexico

2024-01-05T07:52:57+00:00

The Usumacinta Watershed is a trans-boundary basin shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. It is one of the ecosystems of great importance with a diversity of habitats and species, many of them unique to this area. In the last decades, the anthropic pressure have exerted on natural ecosystems and land dedicated to productive activities has been increasing, causing intense negative environmental effects on soil, water, flora and fauna resources, as well as on the ecosystems services that this ecosystem provide. It is the objective of this paper mapping and analyze the forest land suitability and its present land use. Base of land suitability, the forest land suitability were defined, grouping it in three classes: f1- forest land, slope 12-25%, f-2 Forest land, slope 25-50%, and f3- forest land, slope >50%; by overlay these classes with present land use, the area occupied for each one of land-use was defined ; besides considering the natural protected areas, the proportion that occur inside and outside of this area was defined.From the results can be draw that the forest land suitability in the upland area of Usumacinta watershed occupied an important extension ( 61.45%) of total area, being group ”f2- 25-50%”, the dominant; the most part of conserved forest areas are inside of natural protected areas. Nevertheless, outside of protected areas there are considerable areas of land forest (according to land suitability) where the natural vegetation, because antropic pressure, has been replaced to secondary vegetation, grasslands and crops; because of high environmental risk of these uses, they must be considered in a program to recovery the natural vegetation for conservation and protection of soils, water and forests resources.

The Eart’S Rotation Axis And The Moon‘S Orbit

2024-03-05T16:00:18+00:00

In the XX century the diminution of the obliquity of the ecliptic came to be recognised as a certitude. This paper presents only a possible supposition regarding the connection of this astronomical phenomenon with the forces acting on the Moon, and on the Earth’s rotation axis.

Integration of Remote Sensing Data with GIS for Wheat Acreage Assessment in Akola District of Maharashtra, India

2024-02-21T18:35:27+00:00

Accurate and timely assessments of crop area coverage are crucial for efficient agricultural planning and policymaking. These assessments play a vital role in decision-making related to procurement, storage, public distribution, export, import and other agricultural matters. In the state of Maharashtra,India,wheat is the predominant crop grown during the winter season (rabi season), making it especially important for acreage estimation. Traditionally, crop acreage estimates have been obtained through various methods, including comprehensive surveys conducted by government agencies, sample surveys and personal assessments by local officials. However, the application of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology can offer more precise and timely acreage estimates. This research paper focuses on this methodology employed to classify wheat crop using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series data derived from multi-date Sentinel-2A satellite imagery. The study area encompasses the wheat-producing Akola district in Maharashtra state. Data from the 2022-2023 rabi season were utilized for analysis. The classification process involved two stages: first, the dataset was subjected to unsupervised Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) for clustering, followed by the labelling of these clusters based on the temporal spectral profiles of wheat and other competing crops. The subsequent steps included vectorization of the classified image, manual editing, labelling of mixed-class polygons and the application of decision rules for integration. This hybrid classification technique utilized the inherent clustering tendencies of land use and land cover classes in the feature space, enhanced by the inclusion of temporal data in the form of NDVI time series. Additionally, known crop signatures were utilized for labelling the clusters. The wheat acreage estimated using this approach for the study area was determined to be 19,553 hectares, deviating by 4.36% from the reference data reported by the Government of Maharashtra. This technique is characterized by its simplicity, time efficiency, reduced subjectivity and lower expertise requirements when compared to hierarchical classification techniques.

Universal Mass-Energy Equivalence Relation is Expressed by Mechanical Energy of a Falling Body on Earth at Constant Acceleration Due to Gravity

2024-03-11T07:40:39+00:00

In this research article, it is shown that a falling body on earth at constant acceleration due to gravity will also exhibit the universal mass-energy equivalence relation given as dE/E = dm/m, when the energy considered is mechanical energy. Total mechanical energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies.

Electrocardiogram Excited Fiducial Domain Predictor: An Active Method of Determining Fiducial Domains of Excited ECGs for Enhanced Authentication

2024-02-02T19:27:48+00:00

This paper proposes a novel method of extracting similar and invariant parameters from exited electrocardiogram (ECG) for enhanced authentication of non-rest state subjects. We offer a method of accurately predicting excited fiducial domains even when participants submit ECG data that is collected during different states of excitement. Rest state ECG is obtained and used as baseline. Multiple ECGs are obtained from human subject at various excitement levels. The excited ECGs are superimposed on rest state ECG baseline to obtain invariant fiducials domains which are used to model generic predictor vectors. The predictor vectors can now be used (applied) on other unexcited subject ECG to predict their exited fiducial domains. By combining traditional rest state baseline ECG authentication methods with our excited fiducial domain predictor method, we envisage enhanced True Acceptance Rate (TAR) authentication in spite of the subject’s state of rest or excitement. Results indicates that exited subjects were authenticated with TAR exceeding 50% in spite of them only initially submitting rest state ECG baseline data. Authentication rate declined with increased activity rate achieving 100% TAR authentication for subjects at rest, 84% TAR for both walking and brisk walking subjects and 58%TAR for jogging subjects.

Carousel Value Added Tax Fraud: Why It Is Difficult to Face

2024-02-11T08:44:19+00:00

The paper deals with the issue of carousel fraud on value added tax. It is a well-known fact that the collection of value added tax is threatened by tax fraud. A scenario of possible carousel fraud will be presented in the paper. The research question is: Why it's difficult to face VAT carousel fraud? Based on a simple example of carousel fraud, the opportunities of fraudsters are derived. The hexagon of tax fraud is presented as an entity that defines itself in a crisis interface with the entity of the tax administrator. In the crisis interface, it is possible to examine the risks of value added tax collection. A simple illustrative scenario of carousel fraud and the hexagon of tax fraud suggests that tax collection systems are not able to totally counter carousel fraud.

The Doppler Frequency Shift Formula Derived by Directly Differentiating the Wave Speed Formula

2024-02-17T14:05:38+00:00

In the relative motion system composed of the wave source and observer, the wave velocity formula has been extended and modified, directly treating the velocity in the wave velocity formula as a variable. Then, the relationship between the change in velocity and the change in frequency can be obtained through differentiation. By further attributing the change in velocity to the relative motion between the wave source and observer, the Doppler shift formula can be derived. Compared with all existing methods for deriving Doppler formulas, the method proposed in this paper that performs differential analysis on the extended and modified wave velocity formula seems to be the simplest.

Women Participation in Cooperative Leadership and Cooperative Performance in Isiala Ngwa South, Abia State

2024-03-11T07:13:45+00:00

This study is to ascertain influence of women leadership on cooperative performance in Isiala Ngwa South, Abia State. The researcher set to examine the effect of women leadership on cooperative members participation, determine the effect of women leadership on cooperative members income and ascertain the effect of women leadership on provision of input for their members in Isiala Ngwa South. To guide this study, three research questions and three hypotheses was formulated in line with the objectives of the study. The study was anchored on role congruity theory proposed in 2002 by Eagly, Alice and Karau Steven. The study employed a descriptive survey design, the instrument for data collection was questionnaire constructed for the study and calibrated with the 5-point Likert ordinal measurement and rating scale. The population of the study was 224 selected cooperatives members in Isiala-Ngwa South of Abia State. The sample size used was 144 cooperative members using Taro Yamane formular. Adopting a judgmental sampling technique, 144 questionnaire was distributed and 127 copies of questionnaire were completed and returned and used for this study which represent 88.19% response rate. Research hypotheses were tested using Z-Test. The finding revealed that with a p-value of 0.0187 (p < 0.05), there is a significant effect of women leadership on cooperative members participation in Isiala Ngwa South Local Government Area. Abia State; there is a significant effect of women leadership on cooperative members income in Isiala Ngwa South Local Government Area. Abia State with a p-value of 0.0185 (p < 0.05). With a p-value of 0.0202 (p < 0.05) there is a strong significant effect of women leadership on provision of input for their members in Isiala Ngwa South Local Government Area. Abia State. In view of the findings, the study therefore, recommends among others that further exploration and research into the impact of women leadership on cooperative members' participation. The existing evidence strongly suggests a significant and positive effect, making it a valuable avenue for deeper investigation and potential incorporation of gender-inclusive leadership strategies in cooperative settings; a focused examination of the observed significant effect of women leadership on cooperative members' income. This finding underscores the potential benefits of promoting and supporting women in leadership roles within cooperatives, with implications for enhancing economic outcomes for members. Further research and strategic initiatives to encourage gender diversity in leadership may yield positive financial impacts for cooperative communities.

The Stringed Musical Instruments

2024-03-20T17:56:10+00:00

The String – Chord theory is a “mini” mathematical theory which is involved with the propagation of an initial perturbation of the string toward the other parts of the chord (cord) both when its initial shape and velocity is known considered so as an initial value problem (i.v.p.) or as a boundary value problem, (b.v.p.) when the two ends of the cord are kept constant.

An Insight into Isotherm Models in Physical Characterization of Adsorption Studies

2024-03-20T08:22:22+00:00

Here in, we review the adsorption isotherm models and the related statistical and error functions that give a mechanistic insight relating adsorption capacities with the adsorbate concentration and nature of the adsorbent surface. One, two and three-parameter isotherms are discussed in addition to isotherms that anticipate mono and multilayer adsorption surfaces. The isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Toth, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Sips, Temkin, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Redlich–Peterson (R-P), and their combined forms have been addressed. Non-linear regression gives an accurate interpretation of the adsorption process with low error values compared to linear regression. The correlation coefficient as a tool to choose the best isotherm model is assessed with the Chi test which gives information about the fit with the best quality as well as the ANOVA that describes the significance of variance of the different error functions. Further, the different physiochemical parameters that affect the adsorption process are discussed.

Effect of Treatment on the Physicochemical, Microbial and Sensory Properties of Tomato Powder

2022-06-17T20:09:49+01:00

The purpose of this research aimed on the effect of various treatments on the physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of tomato powder. Fresh tomatoes were pre-treated by sulphiting and blanching. After, they were dried (40; 50 and 60 °C) and milled. 06 tomato powder samples were then obtained. They were submitted to physicochemical (pH; titratable acidity; dry matter, vitamin C, and sugar), microbial (total bacterial, E.Coli and yeasts and mould) and sensory (colour, aroma, acidity and overall acceptability) analyses. The taste, colour, aroma, consistency and overall acceptability of tomato sauce prepared from the most 03 acceptable tomato powder samples were also evaluated. The vitamin C and sugar contents were not affected (p>0.05) by the treatment. The dry matter reduced (p<0.05) at high temperature (60 °C) after blanching while no effect was observed (p>0.05) by sulphiting. The pH was not affected (p>0.05) by the pre-treatment method. However, blanching decreased the pH with the increase of drying temperature although not significantly (p>0.05). At high temperature, there was a non-significant (p>0.05) reduction of titratable acidity after blanching in contrary to sulphiting where a significant increase (p<0.05) was achieved at 60 °C. All the tomato powder samples were appreciated similarly (p<0.05). The colour and the taste of the tomato powder sauce was not affected (p>0.05) by the treatment. The most appreciated sauce in term of aroma, consistency and overall acceptability was that from tomato powder blanched and dried at 50 °C. Blanching and drying tomato at 50 °C could represent one of appropriate methods for tomato powder production.

The Seed Sector Development: Experiences in South Sudan

2023-10-07T06:59:59+01:00

Agriculture accounts for 15% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides 78% of the country’s employment in South Sudan. Even though South Sudan produces a large variety of agricultural commodities for local consumption, food insecurity is dire, with over half of its population needing food assistance, from World Food Program (WFP) and other food distributing organizations in the country. Despite the broad production base, limited research and adoption of new technology has kept crop yields at its lowest compared to its peers in the region. The poorly developed seed systems have exacerbated these crises because smallholder farmers are unable to access quality seeds on a sustainable basis to increase food production. This review was carried out using secondary sources of information including reviews of literature and reports from government and humanitarian organizations. This review of the seed sector provides insight into the seed systems, progress made, bottlenecks and ways forward to ensure a functional seed system in South Sudan. To ensure a functional seed system, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS) and stakeholders should review and update the Seed Act then passed into Law. In addition, the seed certification agency should be established and supported with resources to initiate seed quality control in the country. Integration of the formal and the informal seed sector is recommended, the capacity of the public and private seed actors should be enhanced to ensure competitiveness of seed sector. Establishment of a commercial, sustainable, and adaptive agriculture sector in South Sudan requires strengthening the formal and the informal seed sector, so that smallholder farmers can access high quality seeds. The food aid and other humanitarian organizations should shift from humanitarian support to agricultural development to ensure sustainable growth of South Sudan’s seed sector.

Food Insecurity in South Sudan: Solutions and Opportunities for Agricultural Transformation

2023-10-07T07:03:31+01:00

About 7.7 million people are facing acute malnutrition and need food assistance from the World Food Program. The major drivers of food insecurity in South Sudan are civil wars, political instability, communal conflict, and climate change. The increasing food and fuel prices, displacement, poor harvests, and high inflation continues to reduce households' purchasing power, with people unable to meet their basic needs. The objective of this research is to suggest solutions to alleviate food insecurity and increase food production and household incomes for smallholder farmers in Country. To get a better understanding of the food insecurity situation in South Sudan, multiple documents were reviewed including the Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan (CAMP) for the Government of South Sudan and special reports. Despite the food insecurity in the country, huge opportunities such as large arable land, lengthy cropping seasons, diverse and nutritious crops, suitable land for livestock rearing, rivers with abundant fish exist in South Sudan. To maximize productivity, South Sudan needs to double food production through private and public partnership to enhance access to high quality inputs, improve extension service delivery, invest in tools and machines for opening up more arable land, a shift from using rudimental tools to mechanized agriculture. Improving Animal health and nutrition, commercializing livestock by introducing value addition technologies for livestock products i.e., milk, hides and skin, beef, and mutton. Strengthening the enabling policy environment and partnerships at community level through a private sector led initiative are vital. To the government needs to be supported, both financially and capacity wise, to review and implement the investment plan in CAMP. To enhance the growth of the private sector there is a need to design programs to sustainably transit from humanitarian to development.

Communication Strategy Practices and Performance of The County Government of KISII

2024-03-28T17:15:17+00:00

Today’s world is changing with time and managers in any institution must prepare for its effect on the organizational performance. Organizations are facing a very stiff competition by the technological advances therefore they need to adopt to change order to remain relevant. It is on this basis that the study wanted to evaluate the effect of communication strategy on performance of the County Government of Kisii. The study would be of significance to county leaders know and comprehend the significance of workplace change management methods hence developing polices leading to better performance. Literature review of the studies was either directly or indirectly related to the study. This study used positivistic paradigm with a survey research design as it assumes quantitative data using questionnaires. The study was anchored on Learning Organizational Model. The target population consisted of all heads of departs and departmental employees. This study utilized the Yamene (1967) formula in establishing the sample from the study population. Questionnaires were used to collect from staff of various departments. The pilot test was done in the neighboring Nyamira County which bears similar characteristics with the study area and were not involved during the actual data collection process. Reliability of the study tools with an alpha coefficient with a value of 0.7 and above, were considered reliable enough for data collection. Data from the questionnaires was sorted for completeness, coded and entered into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 27.0, for analysis. Analysis was then run using both descriptive and regression analysis and presented in tables and figure were applicable. The study findings revealed that communication strategy practices in Kisii County is an insignificant predictor of organizational performance. Finally, the study concludes that, communication strategy is an insignificant negative predictor organizational performance in Kisii County. It was recommended that since communication strategy is insignificant predictor of organizational performance, the county government should invest heavily on communication strategy if their have to record some significant performance.

Chemical Composition and Health Risk Assessment of Rainwater Around a Cement Factory in Ibeshe, Ogun state

2024-02-08T12:34:30+00:00

Rainwater harvesting has become a common source of water for many households in developing countries. An analysis of the anions and cations of rooftop harvested rainwater near a cement production factory in Yewa South, Ogun State, Nigeria was evaluated. The bulk samples were collected from April-September 2022 at weekly intervals. Parameters determined in the samples were pH, temperature, chloride, flouride, NOx, and cations such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, Aluminium, lead, and silicon. Results of the analysis showed that the rainwater was basic at all the sample locations, while all other variables (except Al³⁺, Pb²⁺, Si⁴⁺, and Cl^-) were within the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard. It also revealed that the presence of the cement factory does not have a huge impact on the characteristics of the rainwater in the study area, However, periodical monitoring of rainwater composition is important as the result obtained for this study may likely change with time.

Full Thickness Burn Associated With Cutaneous Lymphoma Managed With Acellular Dermal Matrix: Case Report And Literature Review

2024-03-13T03:35:43+00:00

Objective: To perform a literature review of patients that presented burns associated with previous malignant skin neoplasms, and to report the clinical case of a patient with a diagnosis of 2 types of cutaneous T lymphoma who also presented a chemical burn. Likewise, to evaluate the postoperative functional and aesthetic results after the reconstruction of the injured tissue with a monolayer acellular dermal matrix (Integra®) and partial skin grafts, in the same surgical time. Methods: A descriptive observational study of a case report type and narrative literature review was carried out. The case report is presented thoroughly and the literature review was made in databases with a combination of MeSh terms. Results: No reports of cases of burns associated with cutaneous lymphoma were found in the literature. The proposed surgical management was successful, in which the dermal matrix and skin grafts integrated completely, an aesthetic and functional outcome was achieved, and no functional limitations of the limb were evident during the postoperative period. Conclusions: The treatment of burns in patients who previously have a malignant cutaneous disorder is aimed at surgical debridement and reconstruction of the skin coverage with partial skin grafts, as soon as possible. The use of a dermal matrix reduces the possibility of scar complications. As far as we could verify, this is the first time that a burn has been reported on skin previously affected with two lymphoma-type skin neoplasms managed with a dermal matrix, concluding that the neoplasm does not affect dermal matrix integration.

Analysis of A 5 Kw Solar - PV System with Model Predictive Controlled: Boost Converter for An Office Suite

2024-01-25T23:06:19+00:00

This study considers the design analysis and simulation of a 5 kW Solar –Photovoltaic (PV) system with Model Predictive Controlled (MPC) – boost converter for a typical office suite. A departmental office at the faculty of Engineering, University of Port Harcourt is used as a case study. Measurement readings of the power consumed by the office is conducted to ascertain the average load power of the building. The maximum power recorded is 3.52 kW. Therefore, a 5 by 5 series-parallel solar PV array is designed to yield a total output power of 5 kW to cover for possible additional loads in the system. The MPC – boost converter with parameters L = 1 mH and C = 600 mF and R = 0.01 Ω was designed to help maintain stable voltage whenever there is a drop in solar irradiance or variation in the consumer load. The focus of this study is on the variation in consumer load while the solar irradiation is maintained at maximum value. Thus, the designed PI controller is more of an integral action with values of Kp = 0.012, and Ki = 10. The MPC – boost converter and PI controller was able to maintain stable total voltage of 132 V despite the load variation due to switching on and off of consumer load.

Distribution of Zinc (II) Between Buffered Aqueous Phases and Organic Phase of 4,4´-(1E,1E´)-1,1´-(Ethane-1,2-Diylbis (Azan-1-Yl-1ylidene) Bis(5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2,3-Dihydro-1h-Pyrazol-3-Ol) (H2BuEtP) in Chloroform

2024-03-25T22:05:32+00:00

The distribution of Zn(II) between buffered aqueous solutions and chloroform solution of a Schiff base 4,4´-(1E,1E´)-1,1´-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azan-1-yl-1ylidene))bis(5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-ol) (H₂BuEtP) was studied. A range of buffers from pH 2.30 – 8.50 was used and the working concentration of Zn(II) was 50 mgl^-1. Equilibration time of 1 hour was used and results were obtained by comparing standard absorbance with raffinates absorbances using AAS at wavelength of 213.9 nm. Plots of log D against pH gave the optimal pH values of 4.8 and 7.5 with percentage extraction of > 90%. pH 5.8 was determined as pH_1/2where 50% extraction of Zn(II) was achieved. Log D against Ligand and Zinc concentrations plots showed a reaction mole ratio of 1:1 between Zn(II) and the ligand (H₂BuEtP) with the ligand losing only a proton instead of the expected 2. Calculated log D and log K_exvalues were -3.05 ± 0.14 and -2.52 ± 0.55 respectively and compared with values for other metals studied with same ligand (H₂BuEtP), it indicated that the ligand (H₂BuEtP) was a poor extractant for Zn(II) but the formed complex Zn(HBuEtP)X had high stability. The structure of the formed complex Zn(HBuEtP)X was proposed using slope analysis and a tetrahedral structure with Zn(II) sp³ hybridized was also proposed.

Synthesis and Study of Electro-Optical Properties of Water-Soluble Polyaniline Prepared by Chemical Oxidation

2024-03-04T22:07:09+00:00

Due to its environmental stability and decent levels of conductivity, polyaniline has recently become one of the more promising conducting polymers; nonetheless, the solubility of the conducting polymers is vital for their uses. The solubility of pure polyaniline (PANI) in water is limited. However, in this research, we successfully synthesized water-soluble complexes of PANI by chemically oxidizing aniline in an aqueous solution containing cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The synthesis process involved using aniline as the monomer, hydrogen chloride (HCl) as an acidic dopant, ammonium persulphate (APS) as an initiator, and cellulose derivatives as a steric stabilizer. The resulting PANI composites were easily dissolved in deionized water. To create thin films by the spin coating technique, the PANI composite solutions were coated onto ITO glass substrates at different RPM speeds (1000, 2000, and 3000) for 2 minutes. The thickness of the films ranged from 50 nm to 80 nm. Four characterization techniques were employed to study the electro-optical properties of the prepared samples. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to confirm the chemical structure of the PANI complexes, which exhibited distinctive peaks at 3460 cm^-1. The interaction between PANI and cellulose derivatives was examined using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 700 nm. The absorbance showed a sharp increase and a red shift around 500 nm, which was further supported by extrapolated bandgap values. For electrical conductivity measurements, we employed the Standard Four-Point Probe Method. The observed electrical conductivity followed the order of PANI > HPC > MC > HPMC, with values ranging from to S/cm for the bulk samples. Similar trends were observed for the thin films. XRD characterization confirmed the presence of PANI and cellulose derivative traces, as indicated by distinct peaks at various two theta angles.

A Review of Conductivity of Conductive Polymers; Polyaniline (Pani) and its Nanocomposites

2024-03-11T20:54:49+00:00

Doped and non-doped conducting polymers represent two distinct categories within the realm of conductive polymers. The conductivity observed in non-doped conjugated polymers is attributed to the presence of a conductivity band resembling that of metals. This conductivity arises from a specific molecular configuration, wherein three out of four valence electrons undergo localized sp2 hybridization, forming robust sigma bonds. The remaining unpaired electron of each carbon atom occupies a Pz orbital, which, upon overlap with adjacent Pz orbitals, creates a pi bond. The resulting delocalization of pi electrons facilitates conductivity, albeit at a relatively modest level. The demand for high-performance materials is particularly pronounced in mobile structural applications and the energy storage sector, encompassing aerospace and space exploration vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), energy-efficient air and ground vehicles, satellites, smartphones, photovoltaic cells, and flexible electronics. Notably, advancements in electrochemical energy storage materials have been directed toward enhancing ion-storage capacity and cycle life. This review delves into the intricacies of electrical conductivity within conducting polymers, with a specific focus on polyaniline (PANI) and its emeraldine-based composites. The investigation encompasses various experimental configurations, culminating in the assertion that the electrical conductivity of conducting polymers is intricately linked to their intrinsic properties, doping mechanisms, and preparation techniques, including considerations of concentration and molecular weight. The utility of conducting polymers, particularly exemplified by polyaniline, extends to a wide array of technical applications, underscoring the ongoing research interest in optimizing their conductivity. Polyaniline's conductivity can be modulated through doping or reduction processes, while the incorporation of nanoparticles offers avenues for achieving enhanced conductivity. Moreover, the exploration of thermoelectric energy conversion holds promise for harnessing waste heat, thus further amplifying the relevance of conducting polymers in contemporary technological landscapes.